Basic Concepts of Aristotelian Philosophy (Studies in Continental Thought) by Martin Heidegger

Author:Martin Heidegger [Heidegger, Martin]
Language: eng
Format: epub, azw3, pdf
ISBN: 9780253004376
Publisher: Indiana University Press
Published: 2009-07-06T05:00:00+00:00

b) The Decisive παιδεία for Investigating the φύσει γινóμενα:

The οὗ ἕνεκα as λóγος in the Primary Respect

What is the decisive παιδεία for the investigation of φύσις? τοιοῦτον γὰρ δὴ τινα καὶ τὸν ὅλως πεπαιδευμένον οἰóμεθ’ εἶναι, καὶ τὸ πεπαιδεῦσθαι τὸ δύνασθαι ποιεῖν τὸ εἰρημένον.273 As to the πεπαιδευμένος, we are to distinguish one who is ὅλως πεπαιδευμένος, who “simply” has instinct and is so far in παιδεία that he notices, even without concrete knowledge of the issue, whether the speaker repeats something or whether he stands in relation to the matter; and alongside the one who is ὅλως πεπαιδευμένος, there is one who is confined to a particular subject area, who has the corresponding assurance in his area of expertise.274 Aristotle discusses, initially, the definition of παιδεία inasmuch as it is related to the ἱστορία περὶ φύσιν.275 Ἱστορία means orienting oneself, the primary looking-around to see how φύσις genuinely looks. Insofar as this ἕξις is tailored to natural occurrences, a manifold of questions results. We will discuss only the main questions.

There is the question of whether, in investigating a subject area, one must at first take notes to a certain extent, whether one must first deal with the φαινóμενα, how things about which one speaks about look, what they give themselves as in a primary way; and whether one should then pose the question, asking the manner in which they are precisely such and such, behave as such and such; or whether the order of questioning should be different than this.276 The question is whether—as with the ancients, who speculated about the ἀρχαί of the world without knowing what they meant by the world—one should begin with theory, with that which one has rather superficially thought up about a matter, or whether one should first examine the matter itself. Then there is the further question to resolve: insofar as the posing of the διὰ τί belongs to every investigation, it is to be observed that there are two possibilities of the διὰ τί in relation to the beings one designates as “nature”: (1) the οὗ ἕνεκα, (2) ὅθεν ἡ ἀρχὴ τῆς κινήσεως.277 “That on account of which and that whence movement is.” These two causes are respects in which a being, which at first is clarified in its being-there, can be taken. Thus we have two questions: (1) whether, in general, the phenomenon should first be studied and then the in-what-manner; (2) which of the causes is the primary one with respect to the in-what-manner.

From looking at the matter itself, I can decide in what manner and with which posing of the question, I can approach the matter. From the matter itself, the second question also must be decided, which is the first respect according to its sense within the beings spoken of here, φύσει ὄν. Aristotle makes the decision in relation to φύσει ὄντα as ζῷα. It appears from the matter itself that the wherefore is the first διὰ τί, that I must therefore raise the first question, toward

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